Mu bijanye n’ubuhinga bwo guhingura ibintu kw’isi yose, ibihimba vy’ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa none birakora nk’ibikorwa remezo bihambaye cane ku bikorwa vy’ubuhinga bitagira uko bingana, harimwo ivy’indege, ivy’imiduga, ivy’ubwubatsi bw’ubudandaji be n’ivy’ubuvuzi. Kubera ko ivyo bihimba bikunda gushikirwa n’imitwaro myinshi cane, imibabaro myinshi y’ingendo, n’ibidukikije bihinduka, urubibi rw’amakosa mu gihe co guhingura nta-rubaho. Ikosa rimwe ry’imiterere canke ry’ingero rishobora gutera imbere ningoga riva ku kunanirwa kw’igenzura ry’uburyo ry’ibikorwa ryitandukanije rikaja ku gusenyuka kw’itongo, bikazana amadeni menshi y’amahera, igihe co guhagarara kw’ibikorwa, n’ingorane zikomeye z’umutekano.
Kugira ngo umuntu ashike ku guhingura zero-defect bisaba gutahura cane ubuhinga bwo gukora ivyuma, ubuhinga bwo gukora ivyuma, n’ubuhinga bwo gukoresha ubushuhe. Iyo urupapuro, isahani canke ikintu gisohotse gihinduwe kikaba Igikoresho c’Ivyuma giheza, kiragira amahinduka akomeye cane ku mubiri. Gukata, gupfukama, gutera ibipfunsi no gusudira vyose birazana imibabaro yo mu mutima kandi bikahindura ukuntu ibintu biri ku ruhande. Iyo izo nzira zitagenzurwa, nta kabuza utunenge tuzoza. Kugira ngo abahinguzi bashobore gukomeza amategeko yabo yo kwizigira uburyo, iki kiganiro kiradondora ido n’ido utunenge dutanu duhambaye umuntu ahura na co mu gihe co guhingura ivyuma kandi kigatanga ingamba zikomeye, zagaragajwe n’inganda zo kuzikuraho.
Amakosa yo gusudira (Uburemere, Ivyiyumviro vy'Ivyatsi, n'Ukubura Ivy'Ugukorana)
Gusudira ni bwo buryo nyamukuru bukoreshwa mu gufatanya ubudasiba ibice bitandukanye vy’imibumbe, ivyo bikaba bituma ubutungane bwavyo ari bwo buhambaye kuruta ibindi vyose. Ikibabaje ni uko uburyo bwo gusudira bushobora gushikirwa cane n’ibintu bihinduka biva ku bidukikije no ku bantu, ivyo bikaba bituma habaho utunenge dutatu twinshi: uburebure bw’ibitoke, ukuntu ibintu bifatanya, n’ukudakorana. Porosity igaragara nk’imifuko y’umuyagankuba mitoyi cane ifunzwe mu kidengeri c’ivyuma bikonjesha, isa n’igice c’igiponji. Ivyimburwa vy’amabuye y’agaciro bishika iyo ibikoresho vy’uburinzi bitari -vyuma bidashobora kureremba gushika hejuru y’icuma gishongeshejwe maze bikaguma bishirwa mu rudodo. Kubura ugufatanya bishika iyo icuma co gufatanya kidashobora gufatanya neza n’icuma c’ishimikiro, kigasiga umudozi uhishijwe, udafatanye.
Izo ngeso mbi zikora nk’ibintu bitera umubabaro mwinshi cane. Iyo iteraniro ry’ibintu vy’ubuhinga rishikiwe n’umuzigo w’urushe, ivyo bibanza vy’ubusa vyihishijwe n’ibice bitafatanye bica bihinduka ahantu h’intango y’imivyimba mito mito-. Mu gihe c’uguhungabana canke ugunyiganyiga, izo mivyimba zirakwiragira ningoga biciye mu gice c’umusaraba-c’ivyuma, bikajana mu gusenyuka kw’imibumbe bukwi na bukwi, bikaba biteye akaga.
Kwirinda amakosa yo gusudira bisaba kwubahiriza cane uburyo bwo gusudira. Kugira ngo umuntu akureho ububabare, iyo nzira y’ugusudira itegerezwa gusukurwa cane imbere y’uko isudira kugira ngo ikuremwo amavuta, ubukonje, umugese n’irangi, ivyo bishobora gusenyuka bikagira gaze y’iyidrojeni mu gihe c’ubushuhe bukomeye bw’uruzitiro. Ikindi kandi, ingero z’uruja n’uruza rw’umuyagankuba w’uburinzi zitegerezwa gutunganirizwa neza; gazi idahagije isiga ikidengeri c’amazi gishobora gushikirwa n’azote n’umwuka wo mu kirere, mu gihe iyo gazi irengeje urugero ishobora gutuma haba imipfunda y’umuyaga itera umuvurungano ikwegera ibintu bihumanye mu nzira y’amazi. Kugira ngo ntihagire ivyuma bifatanya n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri bitagiramwo ivyuma bifatanya, abasudira bategerezwa kuguma bafise imfuruka nziza y’urugendo n’umuvuduko mwiza mu gihe bamenya neza ko umuriro n’inguvu z’umuriro bihuye neza n’uburemere bw’ibintu. Gushiramwo ubuhinga bwo gusudira bukoreshwa n’amaroboti kugira ngo hakorwe ibintu vyinshi bishobora kugabanya cane amakosa y’abantu, bikaba bitanga ugushiraho amabuye mu buryo budahinduka be n’ugutunganya ubushuhe.
Ivyiyumviro vy'ingero n'ukwihanganira hanze y'ivyo
Ikibazo gisanzwe mu maduka akora ivyuma ni uguhingura ibihimba biva ku ngingo ngenderwako zikomeye z’ubuhinga zivugwa mu bishushanyo vy’intango canke mu bishushanyo vya 3D CAD. Ugukevya kw’ingero kubaho iyo uburebure bw’imyobo ya nyuma, uburebure bw’ibipande, ibice vy’imfuruka, canke imirongo y’ibice vyose bigwa hanze y’imirongo yemerewe. Igice kitari mu rugero mbere n’agace gatoyi k’imilimetero gishobora guhungabanya imirongo y’ugukoranya ibintu vy’ubuhinga bwa none, bigatuma bidashoboka gufatanya ibihimba canke kubishira mu nzu zikorana.
Imizi y’ukudatunganye kw’ingero akenshi ikomoka ku kwambara kw’imashini no ku buhinga bwa fizike bw’ibikoresho butacunzwe. Mu bikorwa vyo gupfukamira ivyuma, ibikoresho vyerekana umuco uzwi kw’izina rya springback. Iyo frein y’ivyuma irekuye inguvu zayo zo gupfukama, ico cuma kirapfukama gatoyi kubera ubushobozi bwaco bwo gupfukama. Iyo umukoresha w'imashini canke porogarama y'iporogarama inaniwe gupfukama cane -mfuruka kugira ngo yishure iyo mfuruka, imfuruka ya nyuma izoba iri hanze y'ivyo yategekanijwe. Vyongeye, ibikoresho vyo gukata, ibikoresho vyo gutera ibipfunsi be n’ivyo gukoresha amatara y’umuyagankuba birasenyuka uko igihe kigenda kirarenga. Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bitera ububabare mu mashini, mu gihe ubushuhe bugenda buhinduka mu bikoresho bicapura bituma inzira zicapura zihinduka gatoyi uko imashini ishuha mu masaha umunani-y’akazi.
Kugira ngo amakosa y’ingero akurweho mu buryo bwizigirwa, ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga bitegerezwa gushitsa urutonde rukomeye, rwo kwirinda no gupima amashini yose akoreshwa mu gucapura no guhingura ibintu. Ivyuma birongora umurongo, ibikoresho vy’umupira, n’ibikoresho vy’amazi vy’amafirime bitegerezwa gusuzumwa ubudasiba. Ikindi kandi, abahinguzi bakwiye gukoresha ubuhinga bwa none bwo gupfukama bushiramwo ubuhinga bwo gukora ibikoresho kugira ngo bamenye neza agaciro k’ibintu bishobora gusubira inyuma bishingiye ku rugero rw’ivyuma vy’ivyuma, uburyo intete zija be n’uburemere bw’ivyuma. Gushira mu ngiro mu -process metrology-nk’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa laser canke vy’amaso bishizwe ataco bimaze imbere mu mashini y’uguhingura-bituma ubuhinga bushobora gupima ibice mu gihe nyaco no guhindura ubwabwo ibipimo imbere y’uko ukunyuranya kurenga imipaka yemerewe. Ubwa nyuma, gukoresha ibikoresho bikomeye, vy’ukuri-vy’imashini n’ibikoresho bifatanya bituma ibikoresho bitagira agaciro biguma bigumye mu kibanza cavyo mu gihe co guca no guhingura, bikaba bituma igice-ku--gishobora gusubirwamwo neza cane.
Uguhumana kw'imbere n'ugupfuka ukwifatanya
Kugira ngo igihimba gikozwe kiroranirwe cane, akenshi kivana n’ingene giheza guheza, nimba bisaba ko gishirwako ifu, gishirwako ibara ry’amazi, gishirwako ibara ry’umuyagankuba canke gishirwako ibara ry’umuyagankuba. Inenge nini muri iyo ntambwe ni uguhumana kw’isonga, ivyo bikaba bituma igipfukisho gica kidashobora kwifatanya ubwo nyene canke mbere y’igihe. Iryo banga rishika iyo ibintu vy’amahanga-nk’umugera w’insyo, uguhinduka kw’icuma, umukungugu w’umuyagankuba uva mu gucapura n’umuyagankuba, amazi yo gucapura ashingiye ku kibiriti-, canke ibikoresho vyo gutera ivyatsi-ibipfunsi-bigumye ku gipande c’icuma imbere y’uko biheza.
Iyo umuntu ashize ikintu co kumukingira ku kintu canduye, iyo rangi canke iyo mpumuro ntibishobora gukorana n’ico cuma c’ishimikiro. Uko igihe kigenda kirarenga, ubukonje n’umwuka w’ikirere bica mu binogo bitobito biri munsi y’ico gipfukisho, bikaba bitangura gusenyuka kw’ibice vy’umubiri. Ivyo bituma iyo mpuzu igira ibivyimba, igatera ibibumbano, igaca ihinduka ibipande bininibinini, ivyo bikaba bituma ivyuma biri munsi yavyo bishobora kwonona ningoga ibidukikije. Ku gice c’imibumbe co hanze, uku kunanirwa kwifatanya bituma habaho ugusenyuka kw’ibinogo, ivyo bikaba bitera ingorane igice c’umusaraba-c’imibumbe kandi bikagabanya igihe c’ibikorwa vy’ico gice.
Kwirinda kwanduza ahantu bisaba uburyo butagira aho bugarukira bwo gukoresha imiti n’ubuhinga bw’inzira nyinshi -imbere y’ugutera. Guhanagura n’ukuboko kworoshe-n’igitambaro co mu mazi -ntibihagije ku bijanye n’uguhingura ibintu vy’inganda. Ahubwo, ibice bikwiye guca mu buryo bwo kwoza bwikora, bufise inzira nyinshi-bukoresha ibikoresho bikuramwo amavuta y’amazi kugira ngo bikureho amavuta aremereye yo gukora, hanyuma hakurikirwa inzira zo gutera aside kugira ngo bikureho umugera w’insyo n’umugese. Ku masahani aremereye- canke imiterere y’icuma, gutera amabuye canke gutera amabuye y’agaciro ni ngirakamaro cane. Ivyo bikuraho ibintu vyose bihumanye biri ku ruhande maze bikarema uruhande rudahinduka, rukomeye cane (igishushanyo c’inanga) rutuma habaho ubucuti bw’ubuhinga bw’ivyo bipfukisho bikurikira. Abahinga bo kugenzura uburyo bakwiye gukora ubudasiba igerageza ry’amazi-kumenagura ku bice vyasukuwe; iyo igihu c’amazi meza gica ku cuma mu buryo bumwe ataco kivunitsemwo amatonyanga atandukanye, aho hantu haba hatagira amavuta rwose kandi hakaba hateguwe guheza.
Burrs zirenze urugero, Flash, n'Imirongo Ivunitse
Uburyo bwo gucapura bukoresheje ubuhinga-nk’ugukata, gutera ibipfunsi, gutera ibipfunsi, no gucapura n’umuyagankuba-bikoresha ubushobozi bwo gucapura burengeje urugero kugira ngo bumeneke biciye mu gipimo c’icuma. Inenge isanzwe iterwa n’ivyo bikorwa ni ugusenyuka kw’ibihimba vy’umubiri birenze urugero be n’uguca ibibatsi. Burr ni umurongo w’icuma giteye hejuru kandi gishaje gisigaye ku ruhande rw’inyuma rw’umurongo ucitse, mu gihe flash yerekeza ku matosi akomeye y’icuma gishonze (dross) afatanye n’inyuma y’ivyuma bicitse bikoresheje laser canke plasma.
Burrs na flash birazana ingorane nyinshi mu bikorwa no mu mutekano. Uvuye ku bijanye n’umutekano, izo nkweto-zisongoye zitera ingorane nyinshi zo gutobora no gukomeretsa abakozi bo gukoranya n’abazikoresha. Uvuye ku bijanye n’ibikorwa, amabuye y’agaciro abuza amasahani kwicarana, bikaba bigoramye ibirundo vy’iteraniro-ups. Ikindi kandi, mu gihe c’ibikorwa vy’umubabaro mwinshi canke vy’uguhungabana kw’inzinguzingu, igihimba c’umubiri gikomeye gishobora kuba ahantu h’ugutangura gusaduka, bikajana ku gusenyuka kw’ubuhinga bwo mu karere. Mu bikorwa vy’amashanyarazi, amabara ashobora gusenyuka uko igihe kigenda kirarenga, bikaba bituma amashanyarazi agira imirongo miremire cane imbere mu bikoresho vy’ugucungera.
Gukingira burrs bisaba kugenzura neza ibikoresho n’imirongo y’ugukata. Mu gutera ibipfunsi no gukemura, ikibanza kiri hagati y’igipfunsi co hejuru n’igipfunsi co hasi kigomba guhura neza n’uburemere n’inkomezi z’ugukomera kw’ico gikoresho. Iyo igice c’ivyuma gipfutse ari kinini cane, ico cuma kirahinduka kikaja mu mfuruka y’ivyuma imbere y’uko kimenagurika, kigatuma haba igipfukisho kinini kandi kiremereye. Iyo iyo nzira ipfutse cane, ico gikoresho kirashaza ningoga, bigatuma imirongo imeneka kandi idahuye. Ku bijanye n’ugucapura bikoresheje ubushuhe nk’ugucapura hakoreshejwe laser canke plasma, abahinga bategerezwa gutuma umuvuduko wo gucapura ugenda neza, aho umuntu ashobora gushiramwo ibintu, no gufasha umuvuduko wa gazi. Iyo iyo laser yihuta cane, ico cuma gishonze ntigishobora gufutwa burundu mu gipfukisho, kigasiga igice kiremereye c’amazi ku ruhande rw’inyuma. Kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gucungera utugingo ngengabuzima dutoduto tudashobora kwirindwa, amaduka y’ubuhinga akwiye gushiramwo amabakure yinyiganyiga canke imashini zishobora gukuraho amabuye y’agaciro mu bikorwa vyabo vyo guca, kugira ngo urubibi rwose rube rworoshe kandi rutekanye.
Ibikoresho bigoramye n'ubushuhe-bitewe n'ugugoramye
Guhingura ivyuma kenshi bishingiye ku nguvu nyinshi z’ubushuhe kugira ngo bice no gufatanya ibikoresho. Ariko rero, ubwo bushuhe bwihariye burazana akaga gakomeye kazwi nk’uguhinduka kw’ibintu canke uguhinduka kw’ibintu bitewe n’ubushuhe-. Guhinduka bishika iyo isahani isongoye canke igice c’ibintu bigoramye, bipfutse, canke bipfutse biva mu ndege yavyo y’intango bikurikije uburyo bw’ubushuhe nk’ugusudira, gucapura plasma, canke gucapura urubeya.
Ico gikoko giterwa n’ubuhinga bwa fizike bw’ukwaguka n’ugucika kw’ubushuhe bitaringaniye. Iyo isoko y’ubushuhe bukomeye igenda mu nzira imwe imwe iri ku gipande c’icuma, ako karere kadasanzwe karagwira ningoga. Ariko rero, ivyuma bikanye bikikuje birabuza ukwo kwaguka, bikaba bituma aho hantu hashushe hashobora gusenyuka mu buryo bw’ipulasitike. Uko umurongo w’ugusudira canke w’ugukata ugenda urakonja, urafatanya cane, ugakwegera imbere mu bice bikonje bikikije. Ivyo bituma habaho imibabaro myinshi y’amasigarira y’imbere ikwegeranya igice cose kikava mu nzira, bikavamwo igice kigoramye kidashobora gusuzumwa mu buryo bw’ubuhinga.
Kugira ngo ntihagire ubushuhe buhinduka, abahinga mu bijanye n’uguhingura ibintu bategerezwa gushira mu ngiro amategeko akomeye yo gucungera ubushuhe be n’ugufatanya. Aho gushiramwo umurongo umwe w’ugusudira ukomeza kuva ku mpera imwe y’igiti kirekire gushika ku yindi, abasudira bakwiye gukoresha ubuhinga bwo gusudira bugenda buhinduka canke bwo gusudira busubira inyuma. Ivyo bigabanya ubushuhe bwinjizwa mu buryo buringaniye mu nyubakwa yose, bikaba bituma imibabaro isigaye ishobora guhuza. Ikindi, gukoresha ibikoresho bikomeye-vy’ugufatanya canke ibikoresho vy’amazi bizibira igice c’icuma mu gihe c’ingendo zo gushusha no gukonjesha, bikaba bihatira imibabaro isigaye gutorera umuti mu ntumbero y’ibikoresho aho guhindura igishushanyo. Gushiramwo umuringa canke aluminium ivyuma bikonjesha bishika munsi y’aho ivyuma bifatanya bikora nk’igikoresho co gukura ubushuhe gikora neza cane, kigakura ningoga inguvu z’ubushuhe zirenze urugero ku gice imbere y’uko bishobora gutuma ubushuhe bwaguka cane.
Iciyumviro
Gukora ibice vy’ivyuma vy’agaciro kanini-ni igikorwa gikomeye co gucungera uburinganire gisaba gucungera inguvu z’ubuhinga, inyishu z’imiti ku ruhande, n’inguvu z’ubushuhe zikomeye. Kwemera ko utunenge nk’utunenge two gusudira, ukunyuranya kw’ingero, uguhumana kw’ibintu, ibipfunsi, n’uguhinduka kw’ubushuhe kugira ngo bihungabanye umurongo w’uguhingura bituma ibikoresho bitakazwa, amasaha yo guhingura akabura, kandi abakiriya ntibacizigire.
Gukuraho ayo makosa bivana n’ukuva ku buryo bwo kugenzura uburyo bukora-aho amakosa asubirwamwo gusa ku mpera y’umurongo-no guhindukira tuja ku buryo bwo kugenzura uburyo bukora. Mu kubungabunga neza ibipimo vy’imashini, gutuma ibikoresho bigenda neza, gushitsa ubuhinga bwo gusukura ahantu, no gucunga neza ubushuhe, abahinguzi barashobora kumenya neza ko igice cose giheza kiva mu iduka nk’ikintu co kwizigirwa, gikora neza cane. Mu mpera, uburyo bubereye bwo kwirinda amakosa buratuma ibikorwa bigenda neza kandi bikaronka inyungu ikomeye mu bijanye n’uguhiganwa mw’isoko ry’isi yose risaba vyinshi.